> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.wuji.tech/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Product Introduction

> [!NOTE]
>
> This manual covers a Wuji Hand 2.2 (Beta) non-tactile prototype. Its parameters and behavior don't represent the final product. If your device is a 2.1 unit, see the [Wuji Hand 2.1 docs](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/beta1/overview.md). To tell the revisions apart, see [Version Identification and Differences](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/version-compatibility.md).

## Overview

Wuji Hand 2 is WUJI TECH's biomimetic dexterous hand with 20 active degrees of freedom, built for research, robot integration, human-machine interaction, and other scenarios.

In 2.2, the product provides:

* A 20-DoF biomimetic five-finger body in which each active joint drives independently and the thumb supports opposition
* MIT force-position hybrid control and Position control mode (Beta), selected for the application
* A factory-standard wrist flange with wrist mounting drawings included
* Joint-level Wuji SDK interfaces in Python and C for device discovery, state reading, and command output
* URDF, MJCF, and USD rigid-body models that include the soft-pad geometry. Deformable-body simulation isn't supported yet

It also includes a Wuji Glove–based [teleoperation (teleop) demo](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/quick-start.md#cross-product-teleoperation). The models load in simulators such as MuJoCo and Isaac Sim without hardware—see [Getting and Loading Models](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/model-integration.md#get-and-load) for downloads and loading steps.

## Specifications

The core specifications below cover structure, dimensions and weight, drive and control, and electrical characteristics—for product selection, simulation modeling, and integration.

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Category</th>
      <th>Parameter</th>
      <th>Typical value or description</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
    <tr><td rowSpan="5">Structure & DoF</td><td>Active DoF</td><td>20 (4 per finger)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Joint count</td><td>20 (4 per finger)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Grasp configuration</td><td>Full opposition, with lateral abduction supported</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Kinematic configuration</td><td>Serial direct-drive rotary joints, no nonlinear kinematic coupling</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Min grasp diameter</td><td>0 mm</td></tr>
    <tr><td rowSpan="2">Dimensions & Weight</td><td>Weight\
    (curb weight, with soft pad and output cables, excl. base)</td><td>800 g (650 g bare hand, 70 g base counted separately)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Dimensions</td><td>180 mm × 80 mm × 40 mm (varies with hand pose, reference value)</td></tr>
    <tr><td rowSpan="2">Drive</td><td>Drive type</td><td>Back-drivable direct-drive rotary joints</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Control algorithm</td><td>FOC vector control</td></tr>
    <tr><td rowSpan="3">Control & Communication</td><td>Control frequency</td><td>1000 Hz × 20 axes</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Control mode</td><td>MIT mode (default) / Position control mode (Beta)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Communication interface</td><td>RJ45 Ethernet, 100BASE-TX</td></tr>
    <tr><td rowSpan="3">Electrical</td><td>Operating voltage</td><td>11–13 V DC (12 V nominal)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Power adapter</td><td>12 V 20 A included (rated power of at least 200 W)</td></tr>
    <tr><td>External interfaces</td><td>XT30 for power plus RJ45 for communication</td></tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

## Mechanical Structure

This section describes the overall structure, the communication and power interface layout, and the naming and motion parameters of each degree of freedom, to help you understand the mechanical structure and how to use it.

### Overall Dimensions

The figure below shows the overall dimensions of Wuji Hand 2 with all five fingers fully extended and together, for workspace planning and mounting design.

![Wuji Hand 2 overall dimensions](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/dimensions-white.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=72fa78fa0c576869dc419cdc09336633)

Dimensions in mm: length 180, width 80, thickness 40.

### Structure Diagram

![Structure diagram](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/structure-white.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=d42b92e5f37aaf8511c108d09e81ed1f)

A–E correspond to the five fingers:

| No. | Finger |
| - | - |
| A | Thumb |
| B | Index |
| C | Middle |
| D | Ring |
| E | Little (pinky) |

1–5 correspond to common anatomical regions of the hand:

| No. | Region |
| - | - |
| 1 | Distal phalanges |
| 2 | Intermediate phalanges |
| 3 | Proximal phalanges |
| 4 | Metacarpals |
| 5 | Carpals |

### Degree-of-Freedom Configuration

![Wuji Hand 2 degree-of-freedom configuration](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/dof-configuration-white.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=2550df36333f4e91ec680f6fd8ab63f9)

1–8 correspond to:

| No. | Joint |
| - | - |
| 1 | thumb\_cmc\_flex |
| 2 | thumb\_cmc\_abd |
| 3 | thumb\_mcp |
| 4 | thumb\_ip |
| 5 | mcp\_flex |
| 6 | mcp\_abd |
| 7 | pip |
| 8 | dip |

### Joint Motion Direction and Range

The index, middle, and ring fingers share the same structure, each about 137 mm long. The little finger is slightly shorter, about 134 mm. The thumb module differs slightly, about 140 mm. The figure below uses the thumb and little finger as examples to show each DoF's motion direction and angle range:

![Joint motion direction and range (thumb and little finger as examples)](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/joint-motion-range.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=3fcfb839d958ea5736e97ec54d6e006d)

**Thumb**

| Joint | Motion | Range |
| - | - | - |
| 1 | Base abduction/adduction (`cmc_flex`) | -68° \~ 74° |
| 2 | Base lateral swing (`cmc_abd`) | -85° \~ 40° |
| 3 | MCP flexion/extension (`mcp`) | -60° \~ 90° |
| 4 | IP flexion/extension (`ip`) | -60° \~ 90° |

**Four Fingers (Index, Middle, Ring, Little)**

| Joint | Motion | Range |
| - | - | - |
| a | MCP flexion/extension (`mcp_flex`) | -60° \~ 90° |
| b | MCP lateral swing (`mcp_abd`) | -40° \~ 40° |
| c | PIP flexion/extension (`pip`) | -60° \~ 120° |
| d | DIP flexion/extension (`dip`) | -60° \~ 90° |

The four fingers share the same joint ranges, which match the joint limits in the model files (URDF / MJCF / USD) and are mirrored between the left and right hands.

### Communication and Power Interface

Wuji Hand 2 communicates with the host over an RJ45 interface and supports external power. The figure below shows the location and connection of the communication and power interfaces:

![Communication and power interface](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/connector-layout.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=04744d7ff8f246505df4f60ed10a40b3)

> [!NOTE]
>
> Use the original supplied cables to ensure communication stability and power safety.

> [!WARNING]
>
> The external interface form will change in later 2.2 releases (no longer the XT30 + RJ45 two-cable direct layout). Leave room in your integration design.

### Three-Layer Structure: Skeleton, Soft Pad, Skin

Wuji Hand 2 has three layers, each handling load-bearing, contact compliance, and surface protection:

| Layer | Name | Role | What you can service |
| - | - | - | - |
| Inner | Skeleton | Core mechanical structure that carries the joints, transmission, and motors, and determines whole-hand kinematics and load capacity | A whole finger detaches and swaps out with the device powered off |
| Middle | Soft pad | Biomimetic soft tissue over the skeleton, mimicking the hardness and compression travel of human soft tissue for anthropomorphic contact and cushioning | Replaceable |
| Outer | Skin | Passive protective layer over the soft pad that provides surface friction, wear resistance, and appearance protection, with no sensing | User-removable and replaceable never run the hand without the skin—keep it fitted at all times |

> [!WARNING]
>
> In 2.2, fingertip soft-pad hardness is still being tuned and the skin design isn't finalized. Don't take the current prototype's feel, appearance, and soft-pad life as a reference for the final product.

### Back-of-Hand Status Light

The RGB logo light on the back of the hand is the only external status indicator. The green single-color light on the joint driver board is barely visible on a fully assembled hand and is meant only for repair or bare-unit debugging. The device drives the light itself—it works without a host connection.

> [!NOTE]
>
> The status light requires a hardware batch equipped with the back-of-hand light, plus firmware v2.2.0 or later.

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Level</th>
      <th>Indicator</th>
      <th>Color</th>
      <th>Pattern</th>
      <th>Meaning</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>L0</td>

      <td>
        ![White breathing](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-white-breathing.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=f83ec8fe89a8de464e745d13265c722c)
      </td>

      <td>White</td>
      <td>Breathing (1Hz)</td>
      <td>Ready: all online joints ready and not enabled, or no host connected</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L0</td>

      <td>
        ![Blue breathing](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-blue-breathing.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=0e7a166231d215cec1f545840d5a0926)
      </td>

      <td>Blue</td>
      <td>Breathing (1Hz)</td>
      <td>Powering up / self-check / pre-charge</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L0</td>

      <td>
        ![White solid](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-white-solid.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=4e7f449df2ac791135e0f2703bac4a5a)
      </td>

      <td>White</td>
      <td>Solid</td>
      <td>Running: at least one joint enabled</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L0</td>

      <td>
        ![Blue slow flash](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-blue-slow-flash.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=02bffe7659b9c3687d5276d05baaae18)
      </td>

      <td>Blue</td>
      <td>Slow flash 1Hz</td>
      <td>Firmware updating</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L1</td>

      <td>
        ![Yellow slow flash](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-yellow-slow-flash.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=98b5394824ed9da67f18a330932f17a0)
      </td>

      <td>Yellow</td>
      <td>Slow flash 1Hz</td>
      <td>Warning: non-critical issues such as a temperature warning, encoder calibration, degraded communication, or a dropped node</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L2</td>

      <td>
        ![Red slow flash](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-red-slow-flash.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=d8bf9f7de5e7875b6525c6193099c8f2)
      </td>

      <td>Red</td>
      <td>Slow flash 1Hz</td>
      <td>Fault: recoverable faults such as over-current, over-voltage or under-voltage, or a driver fault</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>L3</td>

      <td>
        ![Red solid](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/indicator-red-solid.svg?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=66298eabd86cfb52ec13286a47181b3a)
      </td>

      <td>Red</td>
      <td>Solid</td>
      <td>Critical: unrecoverable faults such as repeated over-current, hardware damage, or initialization failure, with the S digit of the error code set to 3</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

> [!NOTE]
>
> Difference from 2.1: in 2.1, the blue slow flash for a firmware update outranked the yellow slow flash for a warning, so the light stayed blue slow flash through the upgrade. In 2.2, a firmware update is L0, below an L1 warning, so the behavior reverses.

What to do when the light enters a warning (L1), fault (L2), or fatal (L3) state:

| Light effect | Level | What to do |
| - | - | - |
| Yellow slow flash | L1 warning | Decode the error code and clear the cause—cooling, wiring, or load—then keep going. See [Troubleshooting](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/troubleshooting.md#the-status-light-shows-a-warning-or-fault) |
| Red slow flash | L2 fault | Clear the cause behind the error code, clear the fault, and enable again. See [Troubleshooting](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/troubleshooting.md#the-status-light-shows-a-warning-or-fault) |
| Red solid | L3 fatal | Power cycle the device. If it recurs, stop using it and contact support. See [Troubleshooting](https://docs.wuji.tech/docs/en/wuji-hand/latest/troubleshooting.md#the-status-light-shows-a-warning-or-fault) |

## Electrical Characteristics

The pinout uses a standard RJ45 port and supports 100BASE-TX.

## Package Contents

For the hand body itself—its structure, specifications, and interfaces—see the earlier sections. Besides the hand, the package includes the following:

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Image</th>
      <th>Name</th>
      <th>Qty</th>
      <th>Description</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>
        ![Power adapter](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/power-adapter.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=c14d0377107009b6f532b3f1715ff990)
      </td>

      <td>Power adapter</td><td>1</td><td>Rated 12 V 20 A</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>
        ![Power adapter AC cable](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/power-adapter-ac-cable.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=b6402dd1302dcf7bec218bb8a2f35ef1)
      </td>

      <td>Power adapter AC cable</td><td>1</td><td>China-standard 3-prong plug</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>
        ![RJ45 cable](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/rj45-cable.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=8f67aa31114f08bdffd8c6ad6b77b501)
      </td>

      <td>RJ45 cable</td><td>1</td><td>Shielded Cat5e, 2 m</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>
        ![XT30 male-to-female extension cable](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/xt30-extension-cable.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=5Gi8SRDtLtPD19Vi\&q=85\&s=37414986602310419e3ab5c5e3fc7543)
      </td>

      <td>XT30 male-to-female extension cable</td><td>1</td><td>14 AWG, 2 m</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>
        ![Adapter mount](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/adapter-mount.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=98e9aae2351841366b854511f44b9294)
      </td>

      <td>Adapter mount</td><td>1</td><td>—</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>
        ![Adapter flange](https://mintcdn.com/wuji-0bbde051/nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ/shared/assets/source/images/en/wuji-hand/latest/overview/adapter-flange.png?fit=max\&auto=format\&n=nLLDY-yV3f5aegbJ\&q=85\&s=3faffef328729fd3c242eb9fa99baee2)
      </td>

      <td>Adapter flange</td><td>1</td><td>—</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>


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